Until about 1645 BC, it was one island named Stroggili (circle in Greek). The volcano in the middle of the island erupted at that time and the caldera was created. This eruption is quite possibly the largest that our planet has ever seen, and it essentially led to the collapse of the Minoan civilization on the island of Crete (just to the south of Santorini) from the gigantic tsunami that it created.
The eruption also seems to have inspired many Greek myths, as well as Plato's story of Atlantis.
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